On December 12 1969 - 2007: square massacre Fountain, 16 dead men and no culprit. The (short) memory of the Italian people
“The Italy is a country without memory and truth” (Leonardo Sciascia)
Trentotto years ago, the massacre that changed the Italy.
On December 12 1969: a containing device fires seven kilogrammes of tritolo to the 16,37, in the seat of the National Bank of the Agriculture, in square Fountain, to Milan. The budget of the victims belongs to 16 injured dead men and 87.
The same day in the Milanese seat of the Italian Joint-stock bank, in Square of the Staircase, an unexploded bomb is discovered. On December 12 they always fire to Rome another three devices with an approximate budget of 17 injured ones
In the hours following to the attempts there are searched the seats of all the anarchic organisations and of the not only Milanese left winger, which they will lead to the arrests of the militants of the anarchic group “March 22” between whose yarns appear Mario Merlino, Giuseppe Pinelli and Peter Valpreda.
On December 15 1969, three days after the arrest, the railwayman Pinelli dies falling the window of the Quaestorship. The official version talks about suicide, but four policemen and the captain of the carabineers Lo Grano, he presents in the room of the interrogation to the moment of the death of the railwayman, there will be an object of an inquiry for culpable homicide.
A criminal progress will be opened then in their comparisons for voluntary homicide. Towards the Commissary Luigi Calabresi, who was not in the room, one will proceed for culpable homicide.
All the defendants will be sprung up then in 1975, because “the fact does not exist”.
Meanwhile the examining magistrates keep on following the anarchic footprint, trying the dancer Peter Valpreda, who will be absolved completely only in 1984.
38 YEARS, NO CULPRIT - Today to 38 years of distance, the judicial truth about that dark day of the Republic is necessary to rewrite completely.
Three principal defendants of the massacre of square Fountain, after having had in first degree a condemnation to the life imprisonment, have been in fact all absolved in appeal in 2005.
For the second court of assizes of appeal of Milan the extremists of right Delfo Zorzi, Carlo Mary Maggi (both still charged to Brescia for the massacre of square of the Loggia of 1974: 8 dead men and tens of injured) and Giancarlo Rognoni “they have not committed the fact”.
It redoubt from three years until a year of seclusion the punishment for Stefano Tringali accused of assistance.
The judges have absolved the ex-ordinovista veneto Delfo Zorzi (that prays it lives in Japan and is a Japanese citizen) and the ex-inspector of New Order for the Triveneto, Carlo Mary Maggi, on the grounds of the art. 530, according to paragraph of the Code of criminal procedure, which corresponds to the old formula of the insufficiency of proofs.
The ex-neo-fascist of the Milanese group The Phoenix, Giancarlo Rognoni, has been absolved instead by full formula. And with the sentence they have been revoked the arrest order towards Zorzi (never carried out) and the precautionary measure of the obligation of residence for Mays.
The BEGINNING OF the STRATEGY OF the TENSION - Square Fountain is the beginning of that one that was called “a strategy of the tension”: according to the Parliamentary Commission on the Massacres, and according to the device of numerous sentences, it is about an operation that he was aiming to attribute to the area of the extreme, particularly strong and warlike left side in the biennium ‘68 / ’69, massacres and attempts with the purpose to make plausible an answer "strong" with reactionary areas of the state, terrorists of right hand, Italian and western secret services.
Bombs and dead men, in short, it would must produce a situation of strong political tension, of aversion towards the government and all the parties, with the request - more or fewer estorta - to the public opinion of a narrowing of the freedom civil and political in the name of the “national certainty”: from the democracy to a more authoritative system, on the model of the Portugal, of the Francoist Spain and Greek colonels, in short.
The Commission Massacre of the Italian Parliament has identified among other things with a date the birth of this project: the May 1965, during a meeting wanted by the movement of right winger “New Order” of Pine Rauti close to the Frugal Hotel of the Beginnings of Rome, chaired absolutely by an Italian general of the parachutists
On December 12 1969. then, it represents the crucial point of this strategy, the detonator that would must make jumping definitively over the republican institutions, through the proclamation of the state of emergency.
The evening in December 11 1969, in fact, there are brought together to Milan pictures of the official secret, high services of the army and supervisors of the NATO, with the purpose of defining the last terms of the military intervention after the proclamation of the state of emergency; the morning in December 12 there are signalled around the capital movements of troops and tanks.
After news of the attempts of Milan and Rome, the social democratic President of the Republic Giuseppe Saragat invokes the state of emergency but it finds an unexpected obstacle in the hostility of the President of the Advice Rumor and of the Minister of the work Donat Cattin, both frightened of the reaction provoked in the public opinion and the hugeness of the event.
There begins then to Milan, 38 years ago, that long run of attempts and massacres that in Italy caused in the period of five years 1969/1974 92 dead men, 2.795 injured, 4.065 attempts, between whom 7 massacres.
IT DOCUMENTS - On the web there is an exterminated crop of information about the “Strategy of the Tension”, it dates not always reliable.
In succession a fast selection, of course, not exhaustive:
It clicks here to see the first part of the “History we are” on square Fountain
The site of the COMMISSION MASSACRE
Interview Rai to the deputy Giovanni Pellegrino, president Commissione Stragi of the Parliament
December 17th, 2007 to 8:55 pm
HOW NOT TO SHUDDER WHEN ONE WAS REMEMBERING BETWEEN THE TRAGIC PIø PAGES OF THE HISTORY OF ITALIA:VITTIME INNOCENT DO YOU SACRIFICE TO THE REASON OF STATE (IRRATIONAL BUT NOT SO MUCH). AN ANTIDEMOCRATIC FLOWING TENTô OF SUBVERTING THE CIVIL BALANCES OF THE ITALIAN SOCIETY THAT WAS GETTING READY TO MAKE REAL THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONQUESTS OBTAINED WITH THE SACRIFICE OF LOTTA OF LIBERATION. THE BEGINNING OF LONG UNA WAS A SEASON OF SANGUE:ANCHE THEREFORE THE HISTORICAL MEMORY MUST NEVER COME LESS THAN TO THE MAXIMUM RESPECT FOR ALL THE DEAD MEN TO WHOM THE LIFE HAS BEEN TAKEN OUT IN THE NAME OF ABERRANT IDEOLOGIES.